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Sains Malaysiana 54(10)(2025):
2525-2537
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5410-15
Geochemical
and Mineralogical Characterization of Sangiran Mud Vulcano: Insights into Rare Earth Element (REE) Enrichment
(Pencirian Geokimia dan Mineralogi Gunung Berapi Lumpur Sangiran: Pandangan terhadap Pengayaan Unsur Nadir Bumi (REE))
CAHYO AJI HAPSORO1,*, KHARISMA ASMARANI BUDIONO1, MOCHAMAD KHOIRUL RIFAI1, ALPAN IBRAHIM1, MARIYANTO MARIYANTO2,6, ELEONORA AGUSTINE3, RINA DWI INDRIANA4 & MIMIN IRYANTI5
1Department
of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of
Malang, Jl. Semarang 5, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
Received:
20 January 2025/Accepted: 11 August 2025
Abstract
The Sangiran Mud Volcano (SMV),
an inactive mud volcano located in Central Java, Indonesia, exhibits a unique
geological framework with promising potential for Rare-Earth Element (REE)
mineralization. This study explores the geochemical properties and REE mineral
content of SMV through comprehensive analytical methods, including magnetic
susceptibility measurements for magnetic property analysis, X-Ray Fluorescence
(XRF) for quantitative elemental analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) X’Pert PRO PANalytical plays a
role in identifying the crystalline phases of REE-related minerals, Scanning
Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
(SEM-EDS) Hitachi Flexsem 1000 provides microscopic
characterization of morphology and elemental composition, and Inductively
Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) is used to determine REE
concentrations with high precision. The findings showed that SMV samples mostly
consist of hematite and cerium, with average concentrations of 83.16% and
16.83%, respectively. Further geochemical analysis identified significant
concentrations of REEs, particularly lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce), with La
showing the highest average concentration at 44.39 ppm, followed by Ce at 37.96
ppm. Additionally, XRF analysis showed that the oxide composition in the
samples was dominated by SiO2 (55.36%), followed by Fe2O3 (17.18%), Al2O3 (11.11%), CaO (15.73%), TiO2 (1.02%), K2O (0.8%), and ZrO2 (0.048%). XRD analysis
showed the highest potential REE content in samples T1 and T7, with silicon
iron cerium deuteride concentrations of 19.8% and 19.4%, respectively. SEM-EDS
spectra showed that carbon (C) and oxygen (O) are the main elements, while lower
concentrations of Al, Si, Fe, K, and Ca were observed, and trace elements,
including Mg and Na, were also detected in small amounts, and ICP-OES analysis
detected other REEs, including dysprosium (Dy), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb),
yttrium (Y), and scandium (Sc). This decision highlights the potential for REE
mineralization in the SMV. Further exploration and characterization of this
region could enhance understanding of REE enrichment processes in mud volcano
systems and have significant implications for future resource development.
Keywords: Geochemical analysis; hematite and cerium; mineralization potential; Rare
Earth Elements (REE); Sangiran Mud Volcano (SMV)
Abstrak
Gunung Berapi Lumpur Sangiran (SMV), gunung berapi lumpur tidak aktif yang terletak di Jawa Tengah, Indonesia, mempamerkan rangka kerja geologi yang tersendiri dengan potensi untuk mineralisasi Unsur Nadir Bumi (REE). Penyelidikan ini meneroka sifat geokimia dan kandungan mineral
REE SMV melalui kaedah analisis yang komprehensif, termasuk pengukuran kerentanan magnet digunakan untuk analisis sifat magnetik material, Pendaflour Sinar-X (XRF) digunakan untuk analisis unsur kuantitatif, Belauan Sinar-X (XRD) X’Pert PRO PANalytical memainkan peranan dalam mengenal pasti fasa kristal mineral berkaitan REE, Mikroskopi Elektron Imbasan-Serakan Tenaga Sinar-x Spektroskopi Serakan Tenaga (SEM-EDS)
Hitachi Flexsem 1000 menyediakan pencirian mikroskopik morfologi dan komposisi unsur dan Spektrometri Pemancaran Plasma-Optik Berganding Secara Induktif digunakan untuk menentukan kepekatan REE dengan ketepatan tinggi. Penemuan menunjukkan bahawa sampel SMV kebanyakannya terdiri daripada hematit dan serium dengan kepekatan purata masing-masing 83.16%
dan 16.83%. Analisis geokimia selanjutnya mengenal pasti kepekatan ketara REE, khususnya lanthanum
(La) dan serium (Ce) dengan La menunjukkan kepekatan purata tertinggi pada 44.39 ppm diikuti oleh Ce pada 37.96 ppm. Selain itu, analisis XRF menunjukkan sebatian oksida dalam sampel didominasi oleh SiO2 (55.36%), diikuti oleh Fe2O3 (17.18%), Al2O3 (11.11%), CaO (15.73%), TiO2 (1.02%), K2O (0.8%) dan ZrO2 (0.048%), analisis XRD menunjukkan kandungan REE berpotensi tertinggi dalam sampel T1 dan T7 dengan kepekatan deuteride silikon besi serium masing-masing sebanyak 19.8% dan 19.4%, spektrum SEM-EDS mendedahkan bahawa karbon (C) dan oksigen (O) adalah unsur utama, manakala kepekatan Al, Si,
Fe, K dan Ca yang lebih rendah diperhatikan sedangkan unsur kecil, termasuk Mg dan Na juga dikesan dalam jumlah surih dan analisis ICP-OES mengesan REE lain, termasuk dysprosium (Dy),
europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho),
neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb), yttrium (Y) dan skandium (Sc). Keputusan ini menggariskan potensi untuk mineralisasi REE dalam SMV. Penerokaan dan pencirian yang lebih terperinci bagi rantau ini boleh meningkatkan pemahaman proses pengayaan REE dalam sistem gunung berapi lumpur dan mempunyai implikasi yang ketara untuk pembangunan sumber masa hadapan.
Kata kunci: Analisis geokimia; Gunung Berapi Lumpur Sangiran (SMV); hematit dan serium; potensi mineralisasi; Unsur Nadi Bumi (REE)
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